Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana
subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice)
adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active
voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan
passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat
kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive
voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih
penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.
Contoh :
- Active
: We fertilize the soil every
6 months
- Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every
6 months
Dari contoh ini dapat kita lihat bahwa:
- Object
dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
- Subject
dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula
bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun
‘us’.
- Verb1 (fertilize)
pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
- Ditambahkannya
be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject
passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive
voice di bawah).
- Ditambahkannya
kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice
dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak
dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
- Khusus
untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future,
past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’
di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah,
bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada
poin h – o di bawah.
Berdasarkan keenam poin di atas maka passive voice mengikuti
pola sebagai berikut:
Subject + be + Verb3 + by + Object +
modifier
|
Pola active dan passive voice pada tiap tensis
a. Jika active voice dalam simple
present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
- Active
: He meets them everyday.
- Passive
: They are met by him everyday.
- Active
: She waters this plant every two days.
- Passive
: This plant is watered by her every two days.
b. Jika active voice dalam simple past
tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah was atau were
Contoh:
- Active
: He met them yesterday
- Passive
: They were met by him yesterday
- Active
: She watered this plant this morning
- Passive
: This plant was watered by her this morning
c. Jika active voice dalam present
perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang
diletakkan setelah auxiliary has atau have, sehingga
menjadi ‘has been’ atau ‘have been’
Contoh:
- Active
: He has met them
- Passive
: They have been met by him
- Active
: She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
- Passive
: This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.
d. Jika active voice dalam past perfect
tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang
diletakkan setelah auxiliary had, sehingga menjadi had
been
Contoh:
- Active
: He had met them before I came.
- Passive
: They had been met by him before I came.
- Active
: She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
- Passive
: This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I
got here
e. Jika active voice dalam simple future
tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah be
Contoh:
- Active
: He will meet them tomorrow.
- Passive
: They will be met by him tomorrow.
- Active
: She will water this plant this afternoon.
- Passive
: This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
- Active
: The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
- Passive
: The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next
week.
f. Jika active voice dalam future
perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang
diletakkan setelah auxiliary will have, sehingga menjadi ‘will
have been’
Contoh:
- Active
: He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
- Passive
: They will have been met by him before I get there
tomorrow.
- Active
: She will have watered this plant before I get here this
afternoon.
- Passive
: This plant will have been watered by her before I get
here this afternoon.
g. Jika active voice dalam past future
perfect tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah been yang
diletakkan setelah auxiliary would have, sehingga menjadi ‘would
have been’.
Contoh:
- Active
: He would have met them.
- Passive
: They would have been met by him.
- Active
: She would have watered this plant.
- Passive
: This plant would have been watered by her.
h. Jika active voice dalam present
continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (is, am atauare) + being.
Contoh:
- Active
: He is meeting them now.
- Passive
: They are being met by him now.
- Active
: She is watering this plant now.
- Passive
: This plant is being watered by her now.
i. Jika active voice dalam past
continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (was atau were)
+ being.
Contoh:
- Active
: He was meeting them.
- Passive
: They were being met by him.
- Active
: She was watering this plant.
- Passive
: This plant was being watered by her.
j. Jika active voice dalam perfect
continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah (has/have) been +
being.
Contoh:
- Active
: He has been meeting them.
- Passive
: They have been being met by him.
- Active
: She has been watering this plant.
- Passive
: This plant has been being watered by her.
k. Jika active voice dalam past perfect
continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah had been +
being.
Contoh:
- Active
: He had been meeting them.
- Passive
: They had been being met by him.
- Active
: She had been watering this plant.
- Passive
: This plant had been being watered by her.
l. Jika active voice dalam future
continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will be +
being.
Contoh:
- Active
: He will be meeting them.
- Passive
: They will be being met by him.
- Active
: She will be watering this plant.
- Passive
: This plant will be being watered by her.
m. Jika active voice dalam past future
continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah would be +
being.
Contoh:
- Active
: He would be meeting them.
- Passive
: They would be being met by him.
- Active
: She would be watering this plant.
- Passive
: This plant would be being watered by her.
n. Jika active voice dalam future
perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah will
have been + being.
Contoh:
- Active
: He will have been meeting them.
- Passive
: They will have been being met by him.
- Active
: She will have been watering this plant.
- Passive
: This plant will have been being watered by her.
o. Jika active voice dalam past future
perfect continuous tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalahwould have
been + being.
Contoh:
- Active
: He would be meeting them.
- Passive
: They would be being met by him.
- Active
: She would be watering this plant.
- Passive
: This plant would be being watered by her.
Contoh-contoh yang lain:
- Koko’s
nose is bleeding. He was punched by his
friend right on his nose. (Hidung Koko sedang berdarah. Dia dipukul oleh
temannya tepat di hidungnya).
- The
Indonesian football team was beaten by the Saudi Arabian
team. (Team sepakbola Indonesia dikalahkan oleh team arab Saudi).
- These
plants were watered by my sister a few minutes ago.
(Tanaman-tanaman ini disirami oleh adikku beberapa menit yang lalu).
- There
is no meal left. All has been devoured by Yeyes. (Tidak
ada makan yang tersisa. Semuanya telah dilahap habis oleh Yeyes).
- English is
studied by all high school students. (Bahasa Inggris dipelajari
oleh semua murid sekolah menengah lanjutan (SMP dan SMA).
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